The Supreme Court of Kenya has dismissed Ruth Wanjiku Kamande’s appeal to overturn her conviction for the 2015 murder of her boyfriend, Farid Mohammed Halim, affirming her life imprisonment sentence. The landmark ruling, delivered on April 11, 2025, under Petition No. E032 of 2023, addressed critical legal questions surrounding self-defense, gender-based violence, and the constitutionality of mandatory life sentences for murder in Kenya.
Kamande, famously known as Miss Lang’ata Women’s Prison after winning a prison beauty pageant in 2016 while awaiting trial, was convicted in 2018 for stabbing Mohammed 25 times at his Nairobi home in September 2015. Initially sentenced to death, her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment by President William Ruto in 2023 as part of a broader commutation of death penalties in Kenya.
Kamande’s appeal, represented by Senior Counsel Prof Githu Muigai, sought to overturn her conviction on the grounds that her actions constituted self-defense amid an abusive relationship. She argued that the psychological impact of prolonged abuse, specifically “battered woman syndrome,” should be considered under the Protection Against Domestic Violence Act. Additionally, her legal team contended that the mandatory life sentence for murder violated judicial discretion, potentially leading to unfair outcomes.
The Supreme Court, comprising Chief Justice Martha Koome, Deputy Chief Justice Philomena Mwilu, and Justices Mohamed Ibrahim, Smokin Wanjala, and Njoki Ndung’u, rejected these arguments. The court ruled that the excessive nature of the attack—25 stab wounds—did not align with a proportionate response to an immediate threat. Post-mortem evidence contradicted Kamande’s claim that Mohammed had pinned her down during a struggle, suggesting instead a sustained and deliberate assault. “The defense of self-defense must be proportionate to the threat faced,” the court stated in its media summary, noting that Kamande’s claims of abuse lacked evidence of imminent danger at the time of the killing.
The court further dismissed the applicability of battered woman syndrome, emphasizing that the concept was not raised during the trial at the High Court or in the Court of Appeal. The bench noted that Kamande’s unsworn statement at trial, which could not be tested through cross-examination, described a typical romantic relationship rather than one marked by sustained abuse. The prosecution, represented by Ms. Fredah Mwanza and Ms. Magdalene Ngalyuka, argued that Kamande failed to meet the legal threshold for self-defense, which requires proof of an imminent threat and reasonable force on a balance of probabilities.
On the issue of sentencing, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of mandatory life imprisonment for murder under Kenyan law. Rejecting claims that such sentencing limits judicial discretion, the court affirmed that it aligns with Kenya’s legal framework and ensures consistency in addressing grave offenses. This decision reinforces Kenya’s stance on severe crimes amid ongoing debates about sentencing flexibility.
The ruling situates Kamande’s case within Kenya’s evolving legal landscape on capital punishment. In 2017, the Supreme Court declared the mandatory death penalty unconstitutional, leading to mass commutations, including Kamande’s. Previous commutations by Presidents Mwai Kibaki in 2009 and Uhuru Kenyatta in 2016 further reflect Kenya’s shift away from the death penalty, though it remains in law, with life imprisonment now a common sentence for murder convictions.
Kamande’s case has reignited public debate about gender-based violence and the legal system’s handling of self-defense claims. Her story, amplified by her participation in a prison beauty pageant, has drawn significant attention, creating a complex public image. Mohammed’s family, who described the crime as heinous at the time of the original 2018 sentencing, welcomed the Supreme Court’s decision. “We’re glad justice has been upheld,” said Emmah Wanjiku, Mohammed’s aunt, echoing sentiments expressed after the initial verdict.
Legal experts view the ruling as a significant precedent, balancing the need for clear evidence in self-defense claims with the judiciary’s commitment to addressing gender-based violence. The decision underscores the importance of proportionality in such cases and reaffirms mandatory sentencing for murder, ensuring consistency while prompting continued discussion about judicial discretion and the psychological impacts of abuse in Kenyan law.
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